Last modified 16 January 2025

Data Protection in Mozambique

Enforcement in Mozambique

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Law

Data protection laws in Mozambique

In Mozambique there is no specific legislation on data protection or privacy. However, there are other sources of law that impose some privacy obligations, including:

Constitution of the Republic of Mozambican, as approved by the Parliament on 16 November 2004 (“CRM”);
The Civil Code (Decree-Law no. 47344, of November 25, 1966, in force in Mozambique through Edict no. 22869, dated September 4, 1967);
The Penal Code (Law no. 24/2019, of December 24, as amended by Law no. 17/2020 of 23 December);
The new Labour Law (Law no. 13/2023, of 25 August) which enters into force on 22 February 2023;
The Credit Institutions and Financial Companies Law (Law n.º 20/2020, of 31 December) ("LCIFC”);
The Electronic Transactions Law (Law no. 3/2017, of January 9);
The Consumer Law (Law n.º 22/2009, of 28 September);
The Consumer Law Regulations (Decree n.º 27/2016, of 18 July);
The Publicity Code (Decree No. 38/2016, of 31 August 2016);
The Regulation on Licensing of Telecommunication and Scarce Resources (Decree no. 26/2017, of 30 June);
The Regulations on Registration and Licensing of Intermediary Electronic Service Providers and Operators of Digital Platforms (Decree no. 59/2023, of 27 October); and
Resolution no. 5/2019, of 20 June, ratifies the African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection (“AU Convention”); and
Proposal of Cybersecurity Law, available at the National Institute for Technologies and Communication (“INTIC”) website, identified as version 6 of 15 September 2023 (“Cybersecurity Law”).

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Definitions

Definitions in Mozambique

Definition of personal data

The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique provides that all citizens are entitled to the protection of their private life and have the right to honour, good name, reputation, protection of their public image and privacy. Further, Article 71 of the Constitution identifies the need to legislate on access, generation, protection and use of computerized personal data (either by public or private entities); however, implementing legislation has not yet been approved.

The Electronic Transactions Law defines personal data as being any information in relation to a natural person which can be directly or indirectly identified by reference to an identification number or one or more factors. The AU Convention contains an indication of these factors, being: physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity.

Definition of sensitive personal data

The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique imposes restrictions on recording and handling any individually identifiable information concerning a person’s political, philosophical or ideological beliefs, religious beliefs, membership in a political party or trade union and (particulars) related to the person’s privacy.

One of the manifestations of protecting the privacy of the citizens relates to the rules established in respect to data protection, which must be observed in the use of private data through computer databases, namely:

Restrictions regarding certain types of information: databases are prohibited from recording and handling any information, individually identifiable, concerning political, philosophical, or ideological beliefs, religious beliefs, membership in a political party or trade union and (particulars) related to the person’s privacy¹.
Protection of personal data: there is a need to legislate on protection of personal data contained in computer-based record, as well as on the conditions for access thereto and also its generation and use either by public or private entities².
Prohibition of access and transfer of personal data: access to archives, files and computer records, or to databases to find out third parties' personal data is prohibited³. This prohibition also includes the transfer of data belonging to different services or institutions from one file to another. Exceptions to this rule are the means of access that may be authorized by law or through a court order.
Right of access: the right of all persons to gain access to related data pertaining to them and have it rectified, in cases where for example, such information is wrong, outdated, or incorrect⁴.

In addition, the AU Convention also considers personal data relating to sex-life, race, health, social measures, legal proceedings and penal or administrative sanctions as sensitive.

Footnotes

1. CRM, Article 71(1).
2. Ibid.: Article 71(2).
3. Ibid: Article 71(3)
4. Ibid.: Article 71(4).

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Authority

National data protection authority in Mozambique

There is no data protection authority in Mozambique but the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação – “INTIC”) has some competencies in this regard.

The Cybersecurity Bill will establish INTIC as the national cybersecurity authority, insofar as it relates to electronic communications.

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Registration

Registration in Mozambique

Decree 59/2023 requires the registration of Intermediate Electronic Services Providers and Operators of Digital Platforms. The Electronic Transactions Law defines the intermediate service provider as any person who, in representation of another, sends, receives and stores data messages, and also who provides network access services or provide services through a network. Any entity that performs such acts will qualify as an intermediate service provider and must be registered and licensed with INTIC.

The registration requirement is applicable to Intermediate Electronic Services Providers and Operators of Digital Platforms that offer services to receivers based or located in Mozambique, regardless of where the providers are based.

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Data protection officers

Data protection officers in Mozambique

The Electronic Transactions Law requires the data processor to appoint someone responsible for compliance of the provisions related to electronic personal data protection.

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Collection and processing

Collection and processing in Mozambique

Under the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, individually identifiable information, concerning political, philosophical or ideological beliefs, religious beliefs, membership in a political party or trade union and (particulars) related to the person’s privacy may not be stored or processed in a database.

The UA Convention states that the processing of personal data for the purposes of interconnection of files, data processing involving biometric data shall be undertaken after authorization by the national protection authority.

Under the Electronic Transaction Law, any electronic collection, processing, or disclosure of personal data by a data controller must be precise, complete, and updated, without prejudice of its confidentiality. The data processor is required to indicate beforehand the reasons for the data processing and must describe the type of retained personal information by the organization, including a general report of its use.

Processing information containing personal data requires prior notification to INTIC.

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Transfer of personal data

Transfer of personal data in Mozambique

The law does not generally restrict cross-border transfers of personal information. The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique imposes restrictions on disclosures of personal information to third parties, unless prior consent from the data subject is obtained.

Although there is a prohibition against the transfer of personal data to a non-Member State under the AU Convention, this prohibition does not apply if said State ensures adequate level of protection of the privacy, freedoms and fundamental rights of the data subject. The AU Convention also requires that consent be sought from the national protection authority before the data controller may transfer the data to a third country. Currently, INTIC does not have such powers so the principle of consent of the data subject and the transfer of data to a country with an adequate data protection framework would apply. Notwithstanding, parties may approach INTIC for further guidance on this matter.

Data export requires authorization from the data subject or a court decision.

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Security

Security in Mozambique

Under the Electronic Transactions Law, the person / entity responsible for processing electronic data, must protect personal data against risks, losses, unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification or disclosure.

The Cybersecurity Bill also establishes a duty on data processors and data controllers to ensure the confidentiality of data stored in electronic communications network.

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Breach notification

Breach notification in Mozambique

There is currently no breach notification requirement in Mozambique.

A Cybersecurity Bill is being discussed which intends to establish amongst other things, the legal regime applicable to the protection of data communication networks, of data, of information systems and critical infrastructures in cyberspace.

The bill stipulates which entities are required to notify in the event of a data breach.

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Enforcement

Enforcement in Mozambique

Under the Electronic Transactions Act, a violation of the data protection duty or the duties of a data processor is subject to a fine of between 30 to 90 minimum wage salaries in effect in the public administration sector, in the absence of a more serious punishment.

The Penal Code (Law no. 24/2019 of December 24, as amended by Law no. 17/2020 of December 23) provides for certain cybercrimes, such as intrusion of automatized database, which is subject to imprisonment of up to two years and corresponding fine. There are also other cybercrimes such as fraud through electronic means and unauthorized use of data resulting in unjust enrichment, which is subject to imprisonment generally from a year up to five years and a corresponding fine. The new Penal Code attempts to bridge the gap by identifying cybercrimes related to data protection which are punishable.

The Cybersecurity Bill also makes provision for fines and sanctions for the violation of its provisions.

However, given that Mozambique does not have specific data protection laws nor a specific authority responsible for overseeing data protection matters, enforcement of data protection-related matters is minimal.

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Electronic marketing

Electronic marketing in Mozambique

The rules applicable to electronic advertisement and marketing are provided under the Advertisement Code (Decree no. 38/2016, of August 31) and the Electronic Transactions Law (Law no. 3/2017, of January 9).

Under the Electronic Transactions Law, express consent from a recipient is required prior to sending direct marketing communications via automated dialing systems, fax machines and email, unless one of the following applies

If the sender obtained the contact details of the recipient during the sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to the recipient;
The direct marketing refers to similar products or services to those of the recipient;
At the moment of initial collection of the data, the recipient was offered the option to refuse of use of his contact details, and decided not to refuse;
If the recipient did not refuse the use of its data in any subsequent communications.

Under the Advertisement Code, electronic marketing messages should be clearly identified and include sufficient information, so as to allow the common recipient to easily understand all of the following:

The nature of the message;
The advertiser;
The promotional offers, such as discounts, prizes, gifts and promotional contests and games, as well as the conditions to which they are bound (if applicable).

All direct marketing message must provide recipients with information about how to opt out of further marketing communications, as well as the identity details of the source from which the contact details of the consumer have been obtained.

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Online privacy

Online privacy in Mozambique

Other than the above general rule, there are no other rules applicable to online privacy.

However, the Cybersecurity Bill intends to establish the duty to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and privacy of the information systems during the communication of data using the internet.